Professor Dawid Hanak

Delivering net zero transition

Category: Decarbonization

  • Cost-effective decarbonisation: prioritising investments in rail infrastructure

    Decarbonising the rail industry is critical to global efforts to combat climate change. However, achieving significant emissions reductions requires substantial investment, and not all decarbonisation strategies offer the same return on investment. Prioritising cost-effective solutions is essential to maximise environmental benefits while ensuring economic viability. This article explores how rail infrastructure investments can be strategically directed to achieve the most significant impact in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

    The economic challenge of decarbonising rail stations

    Rail stations are complex structures with significant energy demands. Many historical buildings have architectural constraints, making retrofits and upgrades challenging and costly. As I pointed out during a recent webinar on decarbonising rail stations, “Given that Scope 3 emissions account for the majority of the emissions of the train station, do we really need to focus on doing solar panels, doing fabric improvements at buildings?“

    Decisions on where to allocate limited resources are critical. Investments must balance the need for substantial emissions reductions with the practicality and cost-effectiveness of the solutions. High-cost interventions may only sometimes yield proportionate environmental benefits, especially when considering the broader context of the rail industry’s emissions.

    Assessing Decarbonization Options

    Various strategies are available to reduce emissions from rail stations and infrastructure. These include:

    • Building insulation and fabric improvements: Upgrading insulation, glazing, and sealing can reduce energy consumption for heating and cooling.

    • Renewable energy installations: Installing solar panels or other renewable energy sources to supply station energy needs.

    • Modernizing vehicle fleets: Investing in alternative fuel infrastructure and transitioning to electric or hybrid vehicles for associated transport services.

    • Waste management enhancements: Implementing recycling programs and waste-to-energy solutions to reduce emissions from waste disposal.

    Carbon footprint in rail systems

    A case study focused on Bristol Temple Meads (BTM)station provides valuable insights. The research project “Identifying challenges and opportunities in decarbonising UK train stations” that I lead at NZIIC, in collaboration with CPC, evaluated different decarbonisation options, considering both their environmental impact and cost-effectiveness.

    Cost per ton of CO₂ saved: a crucial metric

    The cost per ton of CO₂ saved is an essential factor in prioritising investments. This metric allows decision-makers to compare the efficiency of different interventions in reducing emissions relative to their costs.

    For instance, our research found that fabric improvements like triple glazing and ceiling insulation at BTM could cost around €55,000 per ton of CO₂ avoided – much higher than figures reported for direct air capture (~€500-€1000 per ton of CO₂ avoided). Such high costs raise questions about the practicality of these interventions. “Whether that makes sense from the climate perspective or not, that’s yet to be determined,” I mentioned during the webinar.

    By contrast, other strategies may offer lower costs per ton of CO₂ saved, providing more significant emissions reductions for the same or lower investment.

    Challenges with high-cost interventions

    Historical and listed buildings present unique challenges. Architectural constraints often limit the extent of modifications possible, and specialised materials or construction methods can drive up costs. Additionally, the actual emissions reductions achieved through some high-cost interventions may be relatively small compared to their expense.

    Investing heavily in retrofits that yield minimal emissions reductions may not be the most effective use of resources, especially when other areas offer greater potential for impact. The opportunity cost of such investments must be considered, as funds allocated to expensive, low-impact projects are then unavailable for more effective initiatives.

    Identifying high-impact investments

    To maximise emissions reductions, investments should focus on areas with the highest potential impact per investment. Modernising vehicle fleets and investing in alternative fuel infrastructure offer higher returns for decarbonisation efforts. For example, transitioning from diesel to electric buses and vehicles can significantly reduce Scope 3 emissions associated with passenger and employee commuting. Notably, we can see that the transition to electrification could reduce our carbon footprint, assuming we have enough grid capacity to support this.

    Investing in infrastructure that supports electric vehicles, such as charging stations, can encourage the adoption of cleaner transportation options. These investments reduce emissions and align with broader trends toward electrification in the transportation sector.

    Waste management as a cost-effective strategy

    Waste management is another area where cost-effective interventions can yield substantial emissions reductions. Improving recycling programs and reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills can lower emissions associated with waste disposal.

    My students at Teesside University estimated that for BTM, annual waste emissions were around 5,000 kilograms of CO₂ equivalent per year. Implementing waste-to-energy or enhancing recycling rates can reduce these emissions at a relatively low cost compared to other interventions.

    Despite often being overlooked, waste management enhancements are practical solutions that can be implemented without the high expenses associated with building retrofits. They offer a tangible way to reduce emissions and engage employees and passengers in sustainability efforts.

    Leveraging innovation and technology

    Innovative technologies can offer better returns on investment by providing efficient solutions to complex problems. The Station Innovation Zone, an initiative led by Connected Places Catapult, exemplifies how innovation can drive cost-effective decarbonisation.

    For instance, one of the projects involved installing panels that extract carbon from the air, capturing emissions from diesel trains idling at the station. These panels can be converted into materials for building infrastructure like benches, creating a circular economy model. Such technologies address emissions directly and can be more cost-effective than extensive building modifications.

    Another example is the use of smart sensors and energy management systems to optimise energy consumption within stations. By reducing energy waste, these technologies lower emissions and operating costs simultaneously.

    Recommendations for investment prioritisation

    Strategic planning is essential to ensure that investments in decarbonisation deliver the greatest possible impact. Recommendations include:

    • Data-driven decision making: Utilise accurate emissions data and cost analyses to compare the effectiveness of different interventions.

    • Flexibility and scalability: Prioritise solutions that can be scaled up or adapted over time, allowing for adjustments as technologies evolve.

    • Stakeholder engagement: Involve employees, passengers, and the community in sustainability initiatives to enhance their effectiveness and acceptance.

    • Policy alignment: Coordinate investments with government policies and incentives to maximize financial benefits and support compliance with regulations.

    By focusing on interventions that offer the highest emissions reductions per dollar invested, rail industry stakeholders can make meaningful progress toward decarbonisation goals while ensuring responsible use of resources.

    Conclusion

    Decarbonising rail infrastructure is both an environmental imperative and an economic challenge. Prioritising cost-effective investments is crucial to maximise the impact of limited resources. By focusing on strategies that offer significant emissions reductions at lower costs—such as modernising vehicle fleets, investing in alternative fuel infrastructure, enhancing waste management, and leveraging innovative technologies—rail stations can make substantial progress toward sustainability goals.

    Data-driven investment decisions, strategic planning, and stakeholder engagement are key components of effective decarbonisation efforts. While some high-cost interventions may be necessary in specific contexts, a careful analysis of cost versus benefit ensures that resources are directed where they can achieve the most significant environmental impact.

    Ultimately, the long-term benefits of cost-effective decarbonisation extend beyond immediate cost savings. They contribute to a sustainable future, enhance the reputation of organisations committed to environmental stewardship, and align with global efforts to combat climate change.

    Acknowledgement

    This article is based on research conducted within a project that has been funded by EPSRC as part of the Innovation Launchpad Network Plus in collaboration with Connected Places Catapult.

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  • The critical role of decarbonising rail stations in achieving net zero goals

    The critical role of decarbonising rail stations in achieving net zero goals


    Achieving global net-zero emissions is a critical task that requires concerted efforts across all sectors. The transportation industry, a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, plays a pivotal role in this journey. While much attention has been given to decarbonising vehicles and improving fuel efficiency, rail stations, an integral part of the transportation network, often remain overlooked. Decarbonising rail stations is not just a supplementary action but a critical component in the broader strategy to achieve net-zero goals.

    Understanding the emissions landscape of rail stations

    Rail stations are more than just transit points; they are complex infrastructures consuming significant amounts of energy. The emissions associated with rail stations can be categorised into three scopes:

    • Scope 1 Emissions: Direct emissions from sources owned or controlled by the station, such as gas heating systems and diesel generators.
    • Scope 2 Emissions: Indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating, and cooling consumed by the station.
    • Scope 3 Emissions: All other indirect emissions occurring in the value chain, including commuting of passengers and employees, waste management, and procurement.

    Research indicates that emissions from station buildings account for approximately 8% of the total emissions in rail. For instance, Bristol Temple Meads station’s annual electricity demand is about 6 GWh, resulting in about 1,168 tCO2e emitted into the environment. This is comparable to CO2 emissions from driving 5.8 million miles in a petrol car – a significant figure even for the environmentally conscious.

    Challenges unique to rail stations

    Decarbonising rail stations presents unique challenges. Many stations are historical or listed buildings with architectural constraints that limit the extent of modifications possible. These buildings often have outdated insulation and heating systems, leading to higher energy consumption. Infrastructural limitations, such as the inability to install solar panels on certain rooftops or to retrofit buildings with modern energy-efficient materials, further complicate decarbonisation efforts.

    Moreover, there is limited awareness and reporting on Scope 3 emissions. Many organisations focus on Scope 1 and 2 emissions because they are easier to measure and directly control. However, ignoring Scope 3 emissions means overlooking a substantial portion of the carbon footprint.

    The hidden impact of Scope 3 emissions

    Scope 3 emissions are a significant yet often neglected aspect of a rail station’s environmental impact. They can account for up to 80% of the total emissions associated with a station. According to Deloitte, for many businesses, Scope 3 emissions account for over 70% of their total carbon footprint. For Bristol Temple Meads, passenger commuting contributes heavily to Scope 3 emissions, with about 23% of people using cars to travel to the station.

    Ignoring these emissions undermines the effectiveness of decarbonisation strategies and hampers progress toward net-zero goals. Without addressing Scope 3 emissions, any reduction in Scope 1 and 2 emissions may be insufficient to achieve the desired environmental impact.

    Strategies for decarbonizing rail stations

    Despite the challenges, several strategies can be employed to decarbonise rail stations effectively:

    1. Enhancing energy efficiency – Improving energy efficiency is a foundational step. Upgrading lighting systems to LEDs, implementing intelligent sensors to optimise energy use, and improving insulation where possible can significantly reduce energy consumption. Although retrofitting historical buildings is challenging, targeted interventions can still yield benefits.
    2. Transitioning to renewable energy sources – Where feasible, installing renewable energy sources like solar panels can offset a station’s energy consumption. Purchasing green energy from suppliers is an alternative for stations where on-site renewable energy installations are not possible.
    3. Waste management enhancements – Improving waste management practices can reduce emissions associated with waste disposal. Implementing recycling programs and reducing single-use plastics within the station can reduce Scope 3 emissions.
    4. Addressing Scope 3 emissions through stakeholder engagement – Reducing Scope 3 emissions requires a collaborative approach. Engaging with passengers, employees, and suppliers to promote sustainable practices is essential. For example, encouraging passengers to use public transportation, cycling, or walking to the station can significantly reduce commuting-related emissions.

    A travel survey conducted among passengers revealed that while over 75% of them are unaware of their carbon footprint, most of the survey participants are willing to change their behaviour when informed.

    Innovations driving decarbonization: the Station Innovation Zone

    Innovation plays a critical role in overcoming the challenges of decarbonising rail stations. The Station Innovation Zone, an initiative led by Connected Places Catapult, exemplifies how collaborative efforts can drive sustainable change.

    Steve Close from Connected Places Catapult explained that the Station Innovation Zone aims to “accelerate the uptake of innovation by addressing technology and market barriers. “By collaborating with innovators and small to medium enterprises, the initiative seeks to introduce new technologies and solutions into stations like Bristol Temple Meads“.

    Examples of innovations include:

    • Innovative CO2 capture technologies: Installing panels that extract carbon from the air, as trialled by CO2Eco at Bristol Temple Meads.
    • Passenger behaviour tools: Develop apps that encourage sustainable travel choices by providing real-time information and incentives.
    • Operational efficiency improvements: Implementing systems to optimise energy use within the station’s operations.
    Net zero railway

    These innovations not only address Scope 1 and 2 emissions but also can influence Scope 3 emissions by shaping passenger and employee behaviours.

    Policy Implications and Recommendations

    Government policies play an instrumental role in facilitating the decarbonisation of rail stations. Introducing mandatory reporting on Scope 3 emissions would compel organisations to address the full spectrum of their carbon footprint.

    Incentives for adopting sustainable practices, such as grants for energy efficiency upgrades or tax benefits for purchasing renewable energy, can accelerate progress. Additionally, policies that support the development of sustainable transportation infrastructure, including electric vehicle charging stations and improved public transport connectivity, can reduce commuting-related emissions..

    Conclusion

    Decarbonising rail stations is an essential component of achieving net-zero goals. While challenges exist, particularly with historical buildings and Scope 3 emissions, strategic actions and innovations offer viable pathways forward. Rail stations can significantly reduce their environmental impact by enhancing energy efficiency, transitioning to renewable energy, improving waste management, and engaging stakeholders.

    The journey to net-zero emissions requires a holistic approach that includes every facet of the transportation sector. As critical hubs in this network, rail stations must be at the forefront of decarbonisation efforts. It is not just about meeting regulatory requirements but about contributing to a sustainable future for all.

    Industry stakeholders, policymakers, and the public are called upon to recognise the critical role of rail stations in this endeavour. The vision of a sustainable future in rail transportation is within reach through collaboration, innovation, and commitment.

    Acknowledgement

    This article is based on research conducted within a project that has been funded by EPSRC as part of the Innovation Launchpad Network Plus in collaboration with Connected Places Catapult. It was originally published in illuminem.

    Frequently asked questions

    Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on Decarbonising Rail Stations

    1. Why is decarbonising rail stations important?Decarbonising rail stations is crucial because they significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions within the transportation sector. These stations consume substantial energy and have emissions categorized into Scope 1 (direct emissions), Scope 2 (indirect emissions from purchased energy), and Scope 3 (indirect emissions from the value chain). Addressing these emissions is vital to achieve global net-zero goals.
    2. What are Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions related to rail stations?
      • Scope 1 Emissions: Direct emissions from sources owned or controlled by the station, including gas heating systems and diesel generators.
      • Scope 2 Emissions: Indirect emissions from the generation of purchased electricity, steam, heating, and cooling consumed by the station.
      • Scope 3 Emissions: All other indirect emissions occurring in the value chain, such as commuting of passengers and employees, waste management, and procurement.
    3. What are the main challenges in decarbonising rail stations?
      Decarbonising rail stations is challenging due to architectural constraints of historical buildings, outdated insulation and heating systems, infrastructural limitations, and lack of awareness and reporting on Scope 3 emissions. Many stations cannot easily install renewable energy sources or retrofit modern energy-efficient materials.
    4. How can rail stations reduce their carbon footprint?
      • Enhancing Energy Efficiency: Upgrading lighting to LEDs, using intelligent sensors, and improving insulation.
      • Renewable Energy Transition: Installing solar panels where possible and purchasing green energy.
      • Improving Waste Management: Implementing recycling programs and reducing single-use plastics.
      • Engaging Stakeholders: Encouraging sustainable commuting practices among passengers, employees, and suppliers.
    5. What innovations are driving the decarbonisation of rail stations?
      Innovations such as CO2 capture technologies, passenger behavior tools, and operational efficiency improvements play a significant role. Initiatives like the Station Innovation Zone collaborate with innovators to introduce new technologies and solutions into stations.
    6. What policy changes can help in decarbonising rail stations?
      Government policies that mandate Scope 3 emissions reporting and offer incentives for sustainable practices, along with the development of sustainable transportation infrastructure, can significantly facilitate decarbonisation efforts.
    7. What is the role of stakeholders in decarbonising rail stations?
      Stakeholders, including industry professionals, policymakers, and the public, must collaborate to recognize and address the critical role rail stations play in achieving net-zero emissions through strategic actions and innovations.

  • The Last Mile Challenge – How Station Buildings Can Help Achieve Net Zero Emissions

    TL;DR

    • Trains have made progress towards decarbonisation, but stations lag behind.
    • Approximately 15% of rail operational emissions are associated with non-traction activities, with 40-50% coming from stations and other buildings.
    • Many stations date back over a century, making upgrading electrical, heating, and cooling systems a complex task.
    • Transitioning stations to renewable power is a crucial undertaking that requires mounting solar panels on station rooftops, replacing fossil fuel usage with electric heat pumps, and optimising power consumption

    Introduction

    Trains have long captured the public imagination as symbols of mobility and progress. Rail transport has evolved over generations to drive social and economic growth, from classic steam locomotives belching smoke to sleek electric bullet trains. In recent decades, electrifying mainline routes has started decarbonising rail infrastructure – but the journey is far from complete. Approximately 15% of the rail operational emissions can be associated with non-traction activities, with about 40-50% associated with stations and other buildings. Railway stations remain primarily rooted in the past, relying on carbon-intensive power. With over 2,500 stations in the UK, transforming these public hubs represents a monumental task on the road to net-zero carbon emissions.

    Yet, the slow progress made on decarbonising stations threatens rail’s sustainability goals. As major energy consumers, these buildings account for a significant portion of the sector’s overall emissions. From powering lights, signals, and displays to heating cavernous spaces, stations exert colossal power demands around the clock. Taking the Bristol Temple Meads as an example, the electricity demand was at 5.8 TWh and 6.0 TWh, resulting in approximately 1,370 tCO2 and 1,280 tCO2e emitted in 2021 and 2022. It is worth mentioning that such figures seem to be independent of the number of passengers using that station, estimated by the Office of Rail and Road to be approximately 2.0m in 2021 and 6.6m in 2022.

    Modifications are necessary to reduce the stations’ footprint now. Yet, upgrading ageing electrical, heating, and cooling systems requires overcoming daunting challenges. Many stations date back over a century, and balancing preservation with needed upgrades is complex. Considering that the UK government plans to fully decarbonise the electricity supply by 2035, the question remains whether the stations should now invest in low-carbon energy supply, such as PV panels, or offset their emissions while waiting for the grid to become decarbonised.

    Moreover, rail stations are often considered important commercial and community hubs. Any disruptive renovation can pose a threat to their role as economic and social centres. However, solutions are available to ensure these stations remain sustainable and functional. Notably, the public-facing nature of these spaces makes them an ideal setting to showcase carbon-reduction technologies in action.

    Renewable Energy Powers Ahead

    Transitioning stations to renewable power is a massive yet crucial undertaking. Solar panels can be mounted on station rooftops or over platforms to generate clean electricity. Converting heating and cooling systems from boilers and furnaces to electric heat pumps slashes fossil fuel usage. Moreover, intelligent energy management platforms are critical for optimising power consumption minute-by-minute and avoiding waste from excessive heating or lighting.

    Smaller rural stations can pursue completely net-zero operations through 100% renewable sources. This can be achieved by meeting the energy demands through on-site solar PVs on the station and platform roofs. This is also, to some extent, applicable to larger stations. For example, London Blackfriars underwent extensive revamping to integrate solar and heat pumps into a strikingly modern station design.  The array of 4,400 PV panels generates approximately 0.9 TWh of green electricity each year, accounting for about 50% of the station’s electricity consumption. This saves nearly 0.5 tCO2 per year. The prominent sustainability upgrades match the forward-looking redevelopment transforming the surrounding district.

    Decarbonising larger stations may be more challenging, especially when historic appearance needs to be preserved, as in the case of the Bristol Temple Meads. Rather than waiting, such stations with heavier demands can purchase verified carbon credits to offset any lingering fossil fuel reliance as the energy infrastructure is decarbonised.

    Full Steam Ahead on Low-Carbon Construction

    Stations’ sustainability relies on operational energy use and the carbon footprint of maintenance, renovation, and construction. Materials science innovations allow increased use of greener components like recycled metals or lower carbon concrete blends.

    Thoughtful design maximises the reuse of existing materials while minimising waste. Sourcing raw materials locally further shrinks supply chain emissions. For example, the new building for the Net Zero Industry Innovation Centre has achieved the BREEAM “outstanding” certification, is net zero in operation, and only 650 kgCO2e needs to be offset per m2. Robertson, the building developer, achieved this by using a low cement concrete mix, 100% recycled steel, and ensuring that the materials are locally sourced. Moreover, the builder used hydrotreated vegetable oil, which is synthesised from renewable raw materials, that allowed for the reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with energy demand during the construction by 90%

    Adopting low-carbon methods showcases sustainability, reduces waste, and cuts costs. Research indicates holistic approaches considering emissions from start to finish could reduce infrastructure projects’ carbon by at least 20-50%.

    All Aboard for Smarter Station Access

    Alongside decarbonising stations themselves, through the reduction of Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions, encouraging and enabling low-carbon transport options for passengers and staff to access stations is critical. This behavioural shift eases congestion while making station surroundings more liveable.

    Incentivising public transit use through discounted fares and transition to low-carbon fuels reduces reliance on polluting cars. For example, for a single person travelling from home to the train station, the average car would result in 170 gCO2e/km, whereas the average local bus would result in 102 gCO2/km. Therefore, prioritising bus lanes, implementing e-scooter routes (with appropriate certification), and secure bike parking would facilitate the reduction of the station’s Scope 3 emissions. Promoting e-scooters, cycling, and walking for historic city-centre stations offers carbon-free accessibility.

    Commuting to work can also have a significant impact on the environment. Railway employees have a unique opportunity to contribute to decarbonising the workforce, leading others by example. For example, train station crews could reduce their carbon footprint while commuting by using crew buses or participating in car-sharing schemes. These options will also help reduce the number of vehicles on the road, reduce traffic congestion, and lower overall emissions.

    Stations could also consider investing in electric vehicle (EV) charging stations at their facilities to support the further adoption of eco-friendly transportation methods. This would make it easier for employees to transition to EVs and reduce their reliance on traditional vehicles. Additionally, railway companies could encourage their employees to switch to more sustainable transportation options by offering salary-sacrifice schemes that provide tax incentives for using EVs.

    By implementing these measures, railway companies can demonstrate their commitment to reducing environmental impact and encourage employees to do the same. Together, these efforts can help to create a cleaner, more sustainable future for everyone.

    Full Speed Ahead

    Railway stations can lead the way in delivering sustainable solutions despite their challenges. These iconic landmarks, which are an integral part of communities, can demonstrate innovative approaches to climate change. The shift towards net-zero emissions is not just good for the environment, it also enhances passenger experiences, drives economic growth and preserves historic sites.

    Rail transport has a history of driving progress during times of change. By embracing sustainable practices, the sector can lead towards a brighter future. The journey ahead may be extended and challenging, but each step brings us closer to a more sustainable future in transportation.

    Acknowledgement: This publication is based on research conducted within the “Identifying challenges and opportunities in decarbonising UK train stations” project funded by the Innovation Lunchpad Network+ (RIR13221128-3).